MIS glossary
132 terms in Arabic and English with a short definition and a link to the lesson that covers it. Search in either language.
132 terms
- Aggregate Functionدالة تجميعية
A function computing one value from many rows: SUM, AVG, COUNT.
DatabasesRead the lesson- Agileالمنهجية الرشيقة
Developing in short iterations with continuous delivery and openness to change.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- AI Agentوكيل ذكاء اصطناعي
A system that carries out multi-step tasks inside applications, not just answers.
- Algorithmخوارزمية
A defined, ordered set of steps to solve a problem.
ProgrammingRead the lesson- APIواجهة برمجة التطبيقات
An agreed way for systems to request data or services from each other.
Programming- Artificial Intelligenceالذكاء الاصطناعي
Systems doing tasks that used to need human intelligence.
- B2Bمن شركة لشركة
A model where a business sells to another business.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- B2Cمن شركة لمستهلك
A model where a business sells directly to consumers.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- Bandwidthعرض النطاق
The maximum data that can be transferred per second.
Networking- BPMNنمذجة العمليات
Standard notation for drawing business processes step by step.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Bugخطأ برمجي
A fault making a program behave unexpectedly.
Programming- Business Intelligenceذكاء الأعمال
Turning data into information that supports decisions.
Data & BIRead the lesson- Business Processعملية أعمال
A series of steps producing a business outcome, such as fulfilling an order.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- Cardinalityتعددية العلاقة
How many instances relate: one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many.
DatabasesRead the lesson- Chart of Accountsدليل الحسابات
The numbered list of a company's financial accounts.
- CIA Triadمثلث السرية والسلامة والتوفر
The three goals of information security.
SecurityRead the lesson- Classكلاس (صنف)
A template defining the data and behaviour of a kind of object.
ProgrammingRead the lesson- Classificationالتصنيف
Predicting a category, such as fraud or clean.
- Cloud Computingالحوسبة السحابية
Renting servers and services from a provider over the internet instead of buying them.
NetworkingRead the lesson- Clustering (k-means)التجميع
Splitting data into similar groups without given answers.
- COBITإطار COBIT
ISACA's framework for governing and managing enterprise IT.
GovernanceRead the lesson- Complianceالالتزام
Adhering to applicable laws and standards.
GovernanceRead the lesson- Confusion Matrixمصفوفة الالتباس
A table of a model's hits and misses: TP, FP, FN and TN.
- Conversion Rateمعدل التحويل
The share of visitors who actually buy.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- CRISP-DMمنهجية CRISP-DM
The ML project cycle, from business understanding to deployment.
- CRMإدارة علاقات العملاء
A system for managing customers, sales and communication.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- Cybersecurityالأمن السيبراني
Protecting systems, networks and data from attacks.
SecurityRead the lesson- Dashboardلوحة مؤشرات
One screen showing the key indicators at a glance.
Data & BIRead the lesson- Data Cleaningتنظيف البيانات
Fixing errors, duplicates and missing values before analysis.
Data & BIRead the lesson- Data Migrationنقل البيانات
Moving cleaned data from legacy systems into the new one.
- Data Visualizationتصوير البيانات
Presenting data in charts that make it easier to understand.
Data & BIRead the lesson- Data Warehouseمستودع البيانات
A database designed for analysis that consolidates many systems.
Data & BIRead the lesson- Databaseقاعدة بيانات
An organised collection of related data managed by a system such as MySQL.
DatabasesRead the lesson- DAXلغة معادلات Power BI
The formula language for measures and calculations in Power BI.
Data & BIRead the lesson- DBMSنظام إدارة قواعد البيانات
Software that stores, queries and protects data, e.g. MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server.
DatabasesRead the lesson- Debuggingتصحيح الأخطاء
Finding and fixing the cause of a bug.
Programming- DFDمخطط تدفق البيانات
A diagram of data moving between external entities, processes and data stores.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- DHCPبروتوكول التهيئة التلقائية
Hands out IP addresses to devices automatically.
NetworkingRead the lesson- Digital Transformationالتحول الرقمي
Changing how a company works, or its business model, through technology.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- DNSنظام أسماء النطاقات
Translates domain names into IP addresses.
NetworkingRead the lesson- E-commerceالتجارة الإلكترونية
Buying and selling online.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- Encryptionالتشفير
Turning data into a form only key holders can read.
SecurityRead the lesson- Entityكيان
Something we store data about, such as a student, product or order.
DatabasesRead the lesson- ERDمخطط الكيانات والعلاقات
A diagram of entities, attributes and relationships drawn before building a database.
DatabasesRead the lesson- ERPتخطيط موارد المؤسسة
An integrated system running core business processes on one database.
- ETLاستخراج وتحويل وتحميل
Moving data from sources, cleaning it and loading it into a warehouse.
Data & BIRead the lesson- Feasibility Studyدراسة الجدوى
Assessing whether a project is possible and worthwhile: technically, economically, operationally.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Featureخاصية
A known fact about each example that the model uses to predict, such as order count.
- Firewallجدار ناري
A system allowing or blocking traffic based on rules.
SecurityRead the lesson- Fit-Gap Analysisتحليل الفجوات
Comparing company requirements with what the standard system offers.
- Foreign Keyالمفتاح الأجنبي
A column referring to another table's primary key, linking the two.
DatabasesRead the lesson- Functionدالة
A named block of code that performs a task and can be reused.
ProgrammingRead the lesson- Functional Requirementمتطلب وظيفي
What the system does, e.g. “customers can pay online”.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Go-liveالإطلاق
The day the company starts working on the new system.
- Hallucinationالهلوسة
When a model confidently produces false information.
- Incident Responseالاستجابة للحوادث
The plan and steps for handling a security incident from detection to recovery.
SecurityRead the lesson- Indexفهرس
A structure that speeds lookups at the cost of extra space and slightly slower writes.
Databases- Internal Controlرقابة داخلية
A procedure that prevents or detects errors and fraud.
GovernanceRead the lesson- IP Addressعنوان IP
A number identifying a device on a network so data can reach it.
NetworkingRead the lesson- IT Auditتدقيق تقنية المعلومات
An independent check that systems are reliable and controls effective.
GovernanceRead the lesson- IT Governanceحوكمة تقنية المعلومات
How IT is directed and monitored to serve business goals.
GovernanceRead the lesson- ITGCالضوابط العامة لتقنية المعلومات
Controls over access, change, operations and development.
GovernanceRead the lesson- ITILإطار ITIL
The best-known IT service management framework.
GovernanceRead the lesson- JOINالربط بين الجداول
A SQL operation combining rows from two or more tables on a shared column.
DatabasesRead the lesson- k-Nearest Neighborsأقرب الجيران
Classifies a new case by the majority of its k closest examples.
- KPIمؤشر أداء رئيسي
A metric tied to an important goal, with a target.
Data & BIRead the lesson- LANشبكة محلية
A network within one building, such as an office or home.
NetworkingRead the lesson- Least Privilegeمبدأ أقل صلاحية
Every user gets only the access they need.
SecurityRead the lesson- Linear Regressionالانحدار الخطي
A model predicting a number with a straight line: intercept + slope × feature.
- LLMنموذج لغوي كبير
A model trained on vast text that generates by predicting the next word.
- Loopحلقة تكرار
A statement that repeats code several times.
ProgrammingRead the lesson- Machine Learningتعلّم الآلة
Systems that learn rules from data instead of having them hand-written.
- MAEمتوسط الخطأ المطلق
The average gap between forecast and actual, ignoring sign.
- Malwareبرمجيات خبيثة
Software designed to cause harm, such as viruses and ransomware.
SecurityRead the lesson- Master Dataالبيانات الرئيسية
Fairly stable data used by transactions: customers, products, vendors.
- MFAالمصادقة متعددة العوامل
Verifying identity with more than one factor, such as a password plus a phone code.
SecurityRead the lesson- MISنظم المعلومات الإدارية
A field combining business and technology to support decisions and operations.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- Model Driftانحراف النموذج
A model weakening over time as new data changes.
- Moduleموديول (وحدة)
Part of an ERP serving a department, such as accounting or inventory.
- Non-functional Requirementمتطلب غير وظيفي
System qualities: speed, security, availability, usability.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Normalizationالتطبيع
Structuring tables so each fact is stored once, preventing duplication.
DatabasesRead the lesson- Object-Oriented Programmingالبرمجة الكائنية
Organising programs as objects with data and behaviour, as in Java.
ProgrammingRead the lesson- Order to Cashمن الطلب إلى التحصيل
The sales cycle from quotation to receiving payment.
- Overfittingالحفظ بدل التعلّم
A model that excels on training data but does poorly on new data.
- Payment Gatewayبوابة الدفع
A service connecting a store to banks and card networks to process payments.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- Phishingالتصيّد الاحتيالي
Fake messages tricking victims into giving data or opening malicious links.
SecurityRead the lesson- Pivot Tableجدول محوري
A tool summarising data by any dimension with drag and drop.
Data & BIRead the lesson- Precisionالضبط
Of the cases flagged positive, how many really were.
- Primary Keyالمفتاح الأساسي
A column (or columns) uniquely identifying each row, such as an employee number.
DatabasesRead the lesson- Procure to Payمن الطلب إلى السداد
The buying cycle from requisition to paying the vendor.
- Project Managementإدارة المشاريع
Planning, executing and controlling a project to meet goals on time and budget.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- Promptبرومبت (موجّه)
The request you write to an AI model.
- Protocolبروتوكول
Agreed rules for devices to communicate, such as HTTP and TCP.
NetworkingRead the lesson- Prototypeنموذج أولي
A simplified version used to test an idea with users.
Systems analysis- Queryاستعلام
A written request to a database that returns or changes data.
DatabasesRead the lesson- Ransomwareبرامج الفدية
Malware that encrypts files and demands payment to unlock them.
SecurityRead the lesson- Recallالاستدعاء
Of all positive cases, how many the model caught.
- Requirementمتطلب
A statement of something the system must do or a quality it must have.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Risk Registerسجل المخاطر
A list of risks with ratings, owners and treatments.
GovernanceRead the lesson- ROIالعائد على الاستثمار
Profit relative to the cost of an investment.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- Routerموجّه (راوتر)
A device connecting different networks and forwarding by IP address.
NetworkingRead the lesson- SDLCدورة حياة تطوير النظم
The phases from planning and analysis to design, build, testing and operation.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Segregation of Dutiesالفصل بين المهام
Splitting sensitive tasks across people to prevent fraud.
GovernanceRead the lesson- SLAاتفاقية مستوى الخدمة
An agreement with clear targets for service quality, such as uptime and resolution time.
GovernanceRead the lesson- SQLلغة الاستعلامات البنيوية
The standard language for relational databases: querying, inserting, updating and deleting.
DatabasesRead the lesson- SRSوثيقة مواصفات المتطلبات
A formal document capturing all system requirements.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Stakeholderصاحب مصلحة
Anyone affected by or influencing the system.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Star Schemaمخطط النجمة
An analytical design: a fact table in the centre, dimensions around it.
Data & BIRead the lesson- Subnetشبكة فرعية
A section of a larger network, split for organisation and security.
NetworkingRead the lesson- Supervised Learningالتعلّم المُوجَّه
Learning from examples that include the right answer: classification and regression.
- Supply Chainسلسلة الإمداد
Every step from suppliers to the product reaching the customer.
Business & commerceRead the lesson- Switchمبدّل (سويتش)
A device connecting devices within one LAN using MAC addresses.
NetworkingRead the lesson- Tableجدول
Rows and columns representing one kind of thing, such as customers.
DatabasesRead the lesson- Target (Label)الهدف
The column we want the model to predict, such as “did the customer leave?”.
- TCOالتكلفة الإجمالية للملكية
All costs of a system over years: licences, implementation, training, support.
- Test Dataبيانات الاختبار
A held-back part of the data used to measure the model after training.
- Three-way Matchالمطابقة الثلاثية
Comparing the PO, goods receipt and vendor bill before paying.
- Training Dataبيانات التدريب
The part of the data a model learns from.
- Transactionمعاملة
A group of operations that all succeed or all fail, keeping data consistent.
Databases- UATاختبار قبول المستخدم
Final testing by real users to confirm the system meets their needs.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- UMLلغة النمذجة الموحدة
A set of standard diagrams for system design: use case, class, sequence and more.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Unsupervised Learningالتعلّم غير المُوجَّه
Learning without answers, such as discovering customer groups.
- Use Caseحالة استخدام
How a user interacts with the system to achieve a goal.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- User Storyقصة مستخدم
A short requirement: As a… I want… so that…
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Variableمتغير
A name that holds a value in a program.
ProgrammingRead the lesson- Version Controlإدارة الإصدارات
Tracking code changes over time; Git is the best-known tool.
Programming- VLANشبكة محلية افتراضية
Logically splitting one switch into isolated networks.
NetworkingRead the lesson- VPNشبكة افتراضية خاصة
An encrypted tunnel over the internet linking a device or branch to the company network.
NetworkingRead the lesson- Vulnerabilityثغرة
A weakness an attacker could exploit.
SecurityRead the lesson- WANشبكة واسعة
A network spanning cities or countries; the internet is the largest.
NetworkingRead the lesson- Waterfallمنهجية الشلال
Developing in sequential phases, each finished before the next.
Systems analysisRead the lesson- Zero Trustالثقة الصفرية
Trust no device or user by default; verify every request.
SecurityRead the lesson